{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "(get-started-dask-dataframe)=\n",
    "# Getting Started with Dask DataFrame\n",
    "\n",
    "In this section, we will demonstrate how to parallelize pandas DataFrame using Dask DataFrame."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Creating Dask DataFrame\n",
    "\n",
    "We can generate a Dask DataFrame named `ddf`, which is a time series dataset that is randomly generated. Each data sample represents one second, totaling four days (from 2024-01-01 0:00 to 2024-01-05 0:00)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><strong>Dask DataFrame Structure:</strong></div>\n",
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>name</th>\n",
       "      <th>id</th>\n",
       "      <th>x</th>\n",
       "      <th>y</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>npartitions=4</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-01</th>\n",
       "      <td>string</td>\n",
       "      <td>int64</td>\n",
       "      <td>float64</td>\n",
       "      <td>float64</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-02</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-03</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-04</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-05</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div>Dask Name: to_pyarrow_string, 2 graph layers</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "Dask DataFrame Structure:\n",
       "                 name     id        x        y\n",
       "npartitions=4                                 \n",
       "2024-01-01     string  int64  float64  float64\n",
       "2024-01-02        ...    ...      ...      ...\n",
       "2024-01-03        ...    ...      ...      ...\n",
       "2024-01-04        ...    ...      ...      ...\n",
       "2024-01-05        ...    ...      ...      ...\n",
       "Dask Name: to_pyarrow_string, 2 graph layers"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import dask\n",
    "\n",
    "ddf = dask.datasets.timeseries(start=\"2024-01-01\",\n",
    "    end=\"2024-01-05\")\n",
    "ddf"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "All operations in pandas are executed immediately (i.e., Eager Execution). Dask, on the other hand, is executed lazily, and the above data has not been computed, hence represented by ellipsis (...)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "While the data in the Dask DataFrame (`ddf`) has not been computed yet, Dask has already retrieved the column names and data types. You can view this information using the `dtypes` attribute:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "name    string[pyarrow]\n",
       "id                int64\n",
       "x               float64\n",
       "y               float64\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ddf.dtypes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Trigger Computation\n",
    "\n",
    "To compute and obtain results, it is necessary to manually trigger the computation using the `compute()` method."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": [
     "scroll-output"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>name</th>\n",
       "      <th>id</th>\n",
       "      <th>x</th>\n",
       "      <th>y</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>timestamp</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-01 00:00:00</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zelda</td>\n",
       "      <td>988</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.873067</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.157726</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-01 00:00:01</th>\n",
       "      <td>Oliver</td>\n",
       "      <td>978</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.261735</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.516558</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-01 00:00:02</th>\n",
       "      <td>Victor</td>\n",
       "      <td>985</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.510027</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.259912</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-01 00:00:03</th>\n",
       "      <td>Yvonne</td>\n",
       "      <td>999</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.488090</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.463293</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-01 00:00:04</th>\n",
       "      <td>Hannah</td>\n",
       "      <td>978</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.879385</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.886313</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-04 23:59:55</th>\n",
       "      <td>Xavier</td>\n",
       "      <td>995</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.650247</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.699778</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-04 23:59:56</th>\n",
       "      <td>Michael</td>\n",
       "      <td>1027</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.850668</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.867499</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-04 23:59:57</th>\n",
       "      <td>Ursula</td>\n",
       "      <td>969</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.032713</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.125985</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-04 23:59:58</th>\n",
       "      <td>Victor</td>\n",
       "      <td>999</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.481142</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.920718</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-04 23:59:59</th>\n",
       "      <td>Edith</td>\n",
       "      <td>1023</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.366130</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.296003</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>345600 rows × 4 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                        name    id         x         y\n",
       "timestamp                                             \n",
       "2024-01-01 00:00:00    Zelda   988 -0.873067  0.157726\n",
       "2024-01-01 00:00:01   Oliver   978  0.261735  0.516558\n",
       "2024-01-01 00:00:02   Victor   985  0.510027 -0.259912\n",
       "2024-01-01 00:00:03   Yvonne   999 -0.488090  0.463293\n",
       "2024-01-01 00:00:04   Hannah   978 -0.879385  0.886313\n",
       "...                      ...   ...       ...       ...\n",
       "2024-01-04 23:59:55   Xavier   995  0.650247 -0.699778\n",
       "2024-01-04 23:59:56  Michael  1027 -0.850668  0.867499\n",
       "2024-01-04 23:59:57   Ursula   969  0.032713  0.125985\n",
       "2024-01-04 23:59:58   Victor   999 -0.481142  0.920718\n",
       "2024-01-04 23:59:59    Edith  1023  0.366130  0.296003\n",
       "\n",
       "[345600 rows x 4 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ddf.compute()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Dask DataFrame has a crucial built-in variable called `npartitions`. It signifies the number of divisions or partitions the data has been split into. As illustrated in {numref}`dask-dataframe-partition`, a Dask DataFrame comprises multiple pandas DataFrames, with each pandas DataFrame referred to as a partition."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ddf.npartitions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "```{figure} ../img/ch-dask/dask-dataframe.svg\n",
    "---\n",
    "width: 400px\n",
    "name: dask-dataframe-partition\n",
    "---\n",
    "A Dask DataFrame comprises multiple pandas DataFrames\n",
    "```\n",
    "Each partition in a Dask DataFrame is defined by upper and lower bounds. In this example, `ddf` is partitioned based on the time column, with each day's data forming a distinct partition. The built-in variable `divisions` holds the boundary lines for each partition:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": [
     "scroll-output"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(Timestamp('2024-01-01 00:00:00'),\n",
       " Timestamp('2024-01-02 00:00:00'),\n",
       " Timestamp('2024-01-03 00:00:00'),\n",
       " Timestamp('2024-01-04 00:00:00'),\n",
       " Timestamp('2024-01-05 00:00:00'))"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ddf.divisions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Index\n",
    "\n",
    ":::{note}\n",
    "In a pandas DataFrame, there is a dedicated column for storing the index, which can be numeric, such as row numbers, or temporal. The index column is typically used solely for indexing purposes and is not considered a data field; hence, it is not visible in `ddf.dtypes`.\n",
    ":::\n",
    "\n",
    "In this example, the index of `ddf` is temporal, and each partition boundary is based on this index column. The entire `ddf` spans four days of data, with each partition representing a single day.\n",
    "\n",
    "Now, let's select data from 2024-01-01 0:00 to 2024-01-02 5:00, spanning two days and two partitions."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div><strong>Dask DataFrame Structure:</strong></div>\n",
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
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       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>name</th>\n",
       "      <th>id</th>\n",
       "      <th>x</th>\n",
       "      <th>y</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>npartitions=2</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-01 00:00:00.000000000</th>\n",
       "      <td>string</td>\n",
       "      <td>int64</td>\n",
       "      <td>float64</td>\n",
       "      <td>float64</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-02 00:00:00.000000000</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-02 05:00:59.999999999</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "<div>Dask Name: loc, 3 graph layers</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "Dask DataFrame Structure:\n",
       "                                 name     id        x        y\n",
       "npartitions=2                                                 \n",
       "2024-01-01 00:00:00.000000000  string  int64  float64  float64\n",
       "2024-01-02 00:00:00.000000000     ...    ...      ...      ...\n",
       "2024-01-02 05:00:59.999999999     ...    ...      ...      ...\n",
       "Dask Name: loc, 3 graph layers"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ddf[\"2024-01-01 0:00\": \"2024-01-02 5:00\"]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Use `compute()` to trigger the computation and obtain the results:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>name</th>\n",
       "      <th>id</th>\n",
       "      <th>x</th>\n",
       "      <th>y</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>timestamp</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-01 00:00:00</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zelda</td>\n",
       "      <td>988</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.873067</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.157726</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-01 00:00:01</th>\n",
       "      <td>Oliver</td>\n",
       "      <td>978</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.261735</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.516558</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-01 00:00:02</th>\n",
       "      <td>Victor</td>\n",
       "      <td>985</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.510027</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.259912</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-01 00:00:03</th>\n",
       "      <td>Yvonne</td>\n",
       "      <td>999</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.488090</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.463293</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-01 00:00:04</th>\n",
       "      <td>Hannah</td>\n",
       "      <td>978</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.879385</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.886313</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-02 05:00:55</th>\n",
       "      <td>Bob</td>\n",
       "      <td>1029</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.218520</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.462808</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-02 05:00:56</th>\n",
       "      <td>Alice</td>\n",
       "      <td>1005</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.722850</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.067173</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-02 05:00:57</th>\n",
       "      <td>Tim</td>\n",
       "      <td>990</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.343179</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.812177</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-02 05:00:58</th>\n",
       "      <td>Patricia</td>\n",
       "      <td>999</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.995964</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.669022</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2024-01-02 05:00:59</th>\n",
       "      <td>Jerry</td>\n",
       "      <td>1089</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.925839</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.004172</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>104460 rows × 4 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                         name    id         x         y\n",
       "timestamp                                              \n",
       "2024-01-01 00:00:00     Zelda   988 -0.873067  0.157726\n",
       "2024-01-01 00:00:01    Oliver   978  0.261735  0.516558\n",
       "2024-01-01 00:00:02    Victor   985  0.510027 -0.259912\n",
       "2024-01-01 00:00:03    Yvonne   999 -0.488090  0.463293\n",
       "2024-01-01 00:00:04    Hannah   978 -0.879385  0.886313\n",
       "...                       ...   ...       ...       ...\n",
       "2024-01-02 05:00:55       Bob  1029  0.218520  0.462808\n",
       "2024-01-02 05:00:56     Alice  1005  0.722850  0.067173\n",
       "2024-01-02 05:00:57       Tim   990 -0.343179 -0.812177\n",
       "2024-01-02 05:00:58  Patricia   999  0.995964 -0.669022\n",
       "2024-01-02 05:00:59     Jerry  1089 -0.925839  0.004172\n",
       "\n",
       "[104460 rows x 4 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ddf[\"2024-01-01 0:00\": \"2024-01-02 5:00\"].compute()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Pandas Compatibility\n",
    "\n",
    "Most operations of Dask DataFrame and pandas are similar, allowing us to employ Dask DataFrame much like we would with pandas.\n",
    "\n",
    "For instance, data filtering and groupby operations are conducted in a manner analogous to pandas:"
   ]
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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
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       "Dask Series Structure:\n",
       "npartitions=1\n",
       "    float64\n",
       "        ...\n",
       "Name: x, dtype: float64\n",
       "Dask Name: sqrt, 10 graph layers"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ddf2 = ddf[ddf.y > 0]\n",
    "ddf3 = ddf2.groupby(\"name\").x.std()\n",
    "ddf3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The results are still represented by ellipsis (...) because the computation is deferred and requires invoking `compute()` to trigger execution."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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      "text/plain": [
       "name\n",
       "Alice       0.570873\n",
       "Bob         0.574338\n",
       "Charlie     0.577622\n",
       "Dan         0.578480\n",
       "Edith       0.579528\n",
       "Frank       0.576647\n",
       "George      0.576759\n",
       "Hannah      0.580472\n",
       "Ingrid      0.579585\n",
       "Jerry       0.577015\n",
       "Kevin       0.574981\n",
       "Laura       0.578379\n",
       "Michael     0.574430\n",
       "Norbert     0.575075\n",
       "Oliver      0.577198\n",
       "Patricia    0.579569\n",
       "Quinn       0.573159\n",
       "Ray         0.577756\n",
       "Sarah       0.573136\n",
       "Tim         0.574545\n",
       "Ursula      0.580282\n",
       "Victor      0.578231\n",
       "Wendy       0.576533\n",
       "Xavier      0.578146\n",
       "Yvonne      0.576635\n",
       "Zelda       0.570968\n",
       "Name: x, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "computed_ddf = ddf3.compute()\n",
    "computed_ddf"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Computational Graph\n",
    "\n",
    "Until now, we understand that Dask DataFrame divides large datasets into partitions and operates with a deferred execution manner. Before executing `compute()`, Dask has built a Task Graph, and you can visualize this Task Graph using `visualize()`:"
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